Extremism: Political Philosophy and International Political Issues Essay

MANY counterterrorism and security experts believe that extremism and terrorism have a cause and effect relation. If this were true, it would be almost impossible for Pakistan to tackle the issues of terrorism and militancy without effectively responding to growing extremism and radicalism in the country. Countering extremism and extremist ideologies is an important component of the current debate on internal security and counterterrorism. Though extremism has yet to be defined in Pakistan at least there is a consensus in the country that terrorism is a major issue and needs to be addressed on a priority basis. On the other hand, the realm of extremism is very broad, and different segments of society hold diverse views regarding the phenomenon. Let us first take a look at the different views on extremism that are prevalent in the country and then examine the question of breaking its links with terrorism. Extremism is defined in Pakistan in a number of ways, and is used mainly in the political, religious, and social contexts. Political scientists consider it a political phenomenon, triggered by inequality, socio-economic injustices and state policies. In 2008-9, the Pak Institute for Peace Studies, an Islamabad-based research group, consulted several experts in the fields of political science, international relations, faith studies, science, media and human rights. Their opinion was sought through detailed discussions and a survey on issues of terrorism and extremism. Out of 16 experts, 11 agreed that extremism was a political phenomenon; only three looked at extremism in the light of an ideological struggle, whereas two experts linked extremism to the misinterpretation of religion. The experts also differed on what they considered to be the reasons behind extremism. Most of the respondents pointed out political, social and economic disparities as the main causes of extremism. A similar study that was conducted by the institute in 2009 to collect the views of teachers in madressahs showed that the majority of clerics and madressah teachers believed that extremism was a political issue. However, the respondents believed that regional and international political issues were more important. A large number of madressah teachers also thought that extremism in the country could only be countered if Pakistan distanced itself from the US-led war on terror. Very few discussed the religious and ideological aspects of extremism. They considered Talibanisation to be an outcome of state polices, and the state’s failure to enforce Islamic law in the country. The teachers also expressed concern over the ‘Westernisation’ of Pakistani society. Such narratives are also reflected in public opinion, and policymakers follow the same discourse. Even the debate in the right-wing media reflects the same approach. The opinions of those that are among the first targets of extremism are of obvious significance. Public opinion is shaped by the media as well as by religious and political leaders. It ultimately influences the political trends that a society is witnessing. But signs of confusion are discernible in public opinion with regard to extremist and violent groups. Another survey conducted by the institute to map the political behaviour of the masses revealed that though more than 56pc of Pakistanis acknowledge the services of religious scholars for Islam, over 53pc oppose a political role for the scholars. Public opinion considers the provision of justice and basic necessities as crucial to the exercise of countering extremism. Interestingly, marginalised segments of society including religious, sectarian and cultural minorities, women and those associated with the creative arts appear to hold a different view of extremism. According to the survey, they unanimously defined extremism as imbalanced ideological attitudes — attitudes that were conceived in a state of mind where an individual regards himself as superior to others and acts as an inquisitor. They classified the causes behind extremism as falling under three main categories: the misinterpretation of religion, political, economic and social inequalities and the lack of rational and logical behaviour. Such divergent perceptions on extremism are not surprising as the Taliban in the tribal areas, the Malakand region and adjacent parts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa first targeted women, confining them to their homes and banning their entry in markets. Girls’ schools, Sufi shrines, cultural heritage sites and music shops have been torched and bombed. Violent activities and threats by the Taliban brought cultural activities and creative expressions, such as painting and poetry, to a halt in the affected areas. Each segment of Pakistani society has its own viewpoint on extremism and on how to counter it. The prevalence of diverse and often conflicting viewpoints makes it almost impossible for society to generate a collective response to issues of extremism and terrorism. Whereas the intellectuals lay more emphasis on ideological and empirical aspects when it comes to countering extremism, social experts and religious scholars vehemently assert that that is not an effective solution. More comprehensive studies and analyses may yield a clearer answer, but can the state afford to prioritise any particular set of causes said to be responsible for extremism and terrorism? Can the rationalisation of certain ideological, political and socio-cultural thinking patterns provide a quick fix for terrorism? Especially when views on extremism and also terrorism are paradoxical? At the same time, adjusting counter-extremism goals in the narrow operational framework of counterterrorism is an uphill task. Western counterterrorism frameworks cannot help Pakistan. In these frameworks, extremism and terrorism are not separated and a single policy is followed to deal with both challenges. The reason is that the challenge of terrorism in the West mainly originates from parallel societies of immigrant communities there. Adopting such an approach here would be devastating, as terrorism is not a community-oriented phenomenon in Pakistan. The government has to focus on countering terrorism to bring down the level of violence in the country. Until violence in the country is not reduced, both state and society will continue to suffer from the chicken and egg syndrome.

From your characters point of view Essay

I knew that big Bastard was trouble as soon as I saw him in the office that first day they both arrived on the ranch. When I saw him turned away from me I knew what his sort was like, big guys who thought they owned the place jus’ cos of their size. An’ he didn’t even answer my question, jus’ stood there like a big lump staring at me. I knew they was gonna cause trouble. I heard from the other guys that Lennie was a good worker I give him that but he still was odd, never was with the guys always by himself, with George or with that damn pup that Slim gave him. Carlson always said he never said a word unless George was there or if he allowed it, stupid Bastard. I mean I heard things about guys like that who were big and smart but this guy, Lennie, was different altogether he was almost like a child I didn’t know he was capable of mangling my hand, let alone kill my wife. But you never know looks can be different than what is genuine, you get to know these things when you see these bastards come work and then leave, you see it all the time. Since Lennie first come to the ranch I had a hunch, and when he did what he did to my hand I knew that he was not only mean but he was dangerous. I never told about my hand before, I know what the other guys on the ranch would say, Me, the bosses son being beat up by some guy who couldn’t put two and two together, I Wasn’t gonna let em’ know, I wasn’t gonna let my wife know that her husband got beat up by that Bastard. Them only been on the ranch couple o’ weeks and Slim letting em’ getting away with it, I wasn’t gonna say Nothing. Slim has a way with words, all the guys trust him. So when my hand got busted by Lennie I was real furious, it made me real mad. I was Jus’ looking for my wife when it began I spose, so she has something to do with it, She is always going’ off and when I’m looking for her I could never find her. Not knowing where your wife is can ruin a man. An’ people were sayin’ things about her. Made me wonder I spose so I go looking for her in the barn where it been mentioned she was and Slim said to be in there too. My wife had been looking at Slim for a while so I was mad and made my way to the barn. Slim was there but not my wife, so we have an Argument and it ends up with my hand being busted. I mean what’s a guy spose to think when his wife is looking around at the men? An’ Slim would be what you call a good catch I spose, But that means that he aint no better than me. When I started on him I never thought about what he could do to my hand, he always was so quiet and looked like he could never hurt anything even though he was a big bastard. The look in his eyes when he just grabbed my hand, I had never seen it in a guy before an’ I wont wanna be seeing it again too soon I can tell ya. I haven’t seen a guy so mad before, sure I have got a temper I get mad a lot, but this Lennie was just mental. He jus’ had this look of hate in his eyes, I was angry but for a big guy like that to take advantage of his size is out of order. He had no right to jus’ do that kind of shit to me. He just took hold of my hand and then crushed it within his own palm, the pain was unbelievable and the other guys jus’ stood there watchin’ him do it. Before he fought back I heard George in the background tellin’ him to do it. I knew they travelled together but I didn’t think that that they was that close, I was proven wrong, Lennie always did what George told him to and that time was no exception. His grasp on my hand grew tighter and I was in pain, I couldn’t think about anything else but the feeling in my hand, and what I must have looked like to the other guy’s but then after it got to its worse all I could think about was what would be left of my hand after the big bastard had finished. An’ If only George hadn’t told him to do it, It wouldn’t have happened, he still makes me mad the way he is still here working on the ranch with Slim. I could feel the bones in my hand breaking, I never had thought of pain like that before. My hand still is now messed up. Don’t think it’s ever gonna be the same, and neither is he. As soon as I saw him I had it in for him, but after him mangling my hand I wanted revenge. Things weren’t so good between me and my wife but that was no excuses for her death. The Dumb bastard was out for me too, and he got me, twice. I knew the way he spent all that bloody time with that pup that he was strange, I had warned her about spending time with the guys on the ranch, her being the only woman was dangerous but he was the last guy I woulda thought would take advantage. He never was interested in things like that, he didn’t come to town with us ever, and jus’ stayed in the barn with that pup. I had said for her to stay in the house, but for a woman to do what she is told is something that doesn’t happen easily. I spose it was also her fault stupid bitch going where she aint wanted gettin’ herself into trouble; something was gonna happen sooner or later. The guys was just out in the yard playing horseshoes, I wasn’t gonna join in and be humiliated by them all laughing at my hand. I jus’ sat down an watched didn’t know what was going on else where. The next thing I know old candy is calling from outside the barn saying for us to come quick. She was jus’ there face down on the straw, I had never seen her be so still. But then I thought and knew what had happened, me an’ Slim rushed up to her and Slim jus said she was dead. I knew at once that the big bastard had been in there with that damn pup. I knew it was him form the start, he couldn’t help himself, He wanted to make trouble and this was the last time I was going to be humiliated he had gone one way too far. I wasn’t disturbed by her death really bad, I was jus’ mad with the Bastard I knew it was him an’ I was gonna do something about it. Carlson knew it was him too, an’ I could see it in George’s eyes that he also knew what was going on. I wasn’t gonna let Lennie get away with it either. My wife was a slow bitch but it was Lennie who took her life and he wasn’t gonna get out of this one by the other guys keeping ’em Quiet. I had done that already once, when I could have got him canned, but I didn’t for my pride now he had the life of my wife. But George was his friend, regardless of this he still went looking for him. I was suspicious though, I mean they travelled together and how did I know that he wasn’t gonna help Lennie get away and escape. But I Spose the dumb bastard wouldn’t make it on his own without some other guy helping him out or getting’ him outa shit. When me and the guys saw Lennie lying on the floor next to George I was livid, I hadn’t killed the crazy Bastard myself, I was gonna make him suffer the way I had. I don’t know everything that went on but what I do know is that Lennie was to blame for the death of my wife and my hand was never gonna be the same cos of him being a crazy Bastard. I could see that they were gonna mess things up, an’ I was right.

Thailand vs. Indonesia

I enjoy spending my summer vacation traveling. I have visited a lot of countries but here i am going to talk about two beautiful countries,Thailand and Indonesia. They both beautiful. They're very similar but different in some points. For me, the atmosphere in the streets of Thailand and Indonesia is very similar. Both streets are full of life. In Thailand, stalls fill it streets. You can find a lot of things accessories, books, movies and even clothes. Trees shade the roads, the smell of fresh air filling the place. I'd go out strolling by myself and lose sense of time.In Indonesia bazaars and food trucks are everywhere. The tropical rain forests there are just breathtaking . The sight of nature and stalls reminded me of Thailand. In spite of their similarities, Thailand and Indonesia are different in some points. Indonesia is an Islamic country. The number of big mosques there is 100,000 while the small ones are over half a million. There is no transportation other than cars; the t raffic is 24/7 which can waste a lot of time. There is a huge amount of Homeless people begging for food or money which is very sad and heartbreaking fact.On the other hand, there are 3,494 mosques in Thailand even though it's a Buddhist country. There are subways and metros that are very well arranged which saves a lot of time. The citizens there are financially stable, you seldom see people panhandling there. In my point of view I find the similarity and differences in both countries beautiful. Thailand and Indonesia are different in how developed they are, but they're also similar in nature and how energetic they are. I enjoyed both countries and I sure intend to spend my next vacation in one of these two beautiful countries again.

MBA in Finance Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

MBA in Finance - Personal Statement Example Like most other individuals of my age, I had been directed towards completing tasks mechanically. Little had I known that I had been drawn towards engineering. However, to my disappointment, I could not make it to Embry Riddle University as I could not clear the engineering exam for that. Nevertheless, I was determined to move forward in life. Behind an ardent reader, I had been inspired by Einstein’s quote of playing the ‘game’ of life better than anyone else. Considering that it was now time to chart my career path, I decided to enhance my knowledge of finance. In doing so, I came across reading several books such as articles in the Economist magazine. Even though I could not make much sense out of them at that time, they were instrumental in my success at university later on. This eventually led me to studying Finance at UT in the USA where I developed interest in the subject in a short frame of time. During this period, I greatly improved my analytical, writin g and numerical skills. From making investment decisions to solving managerial problems, the baggage I carried in this field was quite comprehensive. My experience at UT was further enhanced by my earlier diploma in English Language in Orlando which was my first step in to the diverse and multicultural world. Even though I had travelled to various places previously, such as Europe, North America, Africa and Asia for vacations, never had I encountered as a diverse a place as the U.S.A. This short educational experience  ­Ã‚ ­has developed my cross-communication skills which are necessary for survival for any profession in the modern workplace. Furthermore, my experience at UT as a Finance student has helped me relate finance with everyday life. Previously I perceived finance as a strictly specialized and confined domain. However, by studying the real-life applications of finance I was able to relate theory with practice. Most importantly, I could relate most of the concepts to the recent financial downturn which turned around the economies of most advanced nations such as U.K and U.S. I was able to understand how most economies work and how the public and government policies jointly determine the state of economy in most countries. Even though I still endeavor to understand complex financial models and theorems, I do not have much difficulty in understanding the conceptual content and application. In the contemporary age of advanced information systems, I believe the competitive advantage of a Finance professional does not lie in the reproduction of models or calculations but the conceptual analysis and interpretation of those in the context of real-life scenarios. Considering that I had been an out-station student studying in UT in U.S.A, I have gained insight into the demands of an academic and professional life. Since I was in-charge of everything and had to do everything on my own, I learnt to take my own initiatives and gradually became independent. The demanding commitments to academics further taught me how to organize my study schedule and in no time I learnt how to communicate with my peers. This also provided a tremendous platform for my personal growth as I learnt how to strike a balance between personal and academic life. I was much clearer regarding my goal (of pursuing a career in finance) and was determined to enhance my horizon of learning by taking a giant leap into a well-reputed college for my Masters. However, I

International retail marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

International retail marketing - Essay Example As per the traditional concept, the marketing mix has four major components i.e. product, price, promotion and place. However, with emerging complexity of servicing industry, many academics have identified additional three Ps in marketing mix for services which are people, process and physical evidence. Moreover, the concept of marketing mix has become more specific and consumer centric for better business management by creating value for the consumers. Hence, four Cs i.e. consumers, cost, communications and convenience is more relevant for effective business management. Office Shoe is a popular shoe retailer chain of UK and it is planning to expand its marketing in the Swedish retail market. In order to successful market entry and for long term growth, it is very necessary to analyse the multiple macro-economic and consumers related factors. Considering these factors, Office Shoe should develop a set of plausible marketing mix strategies. Identification of culture and features of th e prevailing consumers is the priority of the retailer. Moreover, it also needs to restructure its business organisation through the method of retailing which is the best as it is very helpful in figuring out the necessary areas for retail business development. Introduction The task of handling the strategic business management has changed significantly due to a number of factors. Globalisation, increasing international trade activities has upgraded the business management process. The post-modern organisations have realized the importance of distinct management structure and strategic process for different types of business. For example, service industry and manufacturing industry have their different value chain process and organisational structure which required a focused and specific management system. Moreover, the interactions with customers are also very different as in most of the cases service providers have a direct interactions with their consumers; whereas, the manufactu ring organisation have very limited scope in this respect (Greasley, 1999, p.2). However, the core essence of the business management remains the same i.e. to maximise the wealth of stakeholders through value creation method. This paper will attempt to present major aspect of international retail marketing focusing on the structure of domestics and international marketing mix of retailing business. The discussion will involve the Office Shoes, a popular U.K.-based domestic shoe retailer. This shoe retail chain store was established during 1981 and experienced an extreme successful business growth all over UK. It is present in more than 15 local regions of UK (Office Shoe-a, n.d.). It offers more than 100 ranges of international and domestic shoe brand like Adidas, Reebok, Nike, Converse, Puma, Swedish Hasbeens and many more for males, females as well as kids. Besides, it also offers leather accessories like bags, belts etc tots female consumers (Office Shoe-b, n.d.). This paper will present a set of proper international marketing mix for the Office Shoe’s expansion in Sweden’s market. Marketing Mix Marketing mix is a celebrated term and theory in the field of marketing management practises. With constant changes in management theories practises, many new concepts have been incorporated in the concept of marketing mix. Primarily, marketing mix consists of four basic elements of marketing i.e. product, price, promotion and place. It is the core essence and requirement framing effective marketing strategies. Frank has described that marketing mix

Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 6

Case Study Example elementary school, I have analyzed that it is essential to develop innovative facilities for the students to enhance the portfolio and demand in the market among others. Along with this, it might be also worth trying to introduce varied types of extra-curricular activities such as lab and library facilities, an Accelerated Reader Program to develop the joy of reading among students and character education classroom programs to enhance the inner skills and talents of the students. Only then, the dominance of the school may be maintained in such a competitive market scenario as compared to others. Along with this, the profit margin and sales might be enhanced resulting in amplification of the brand equity in the market. Side by side, the market value and reputation of the organization might also be enhanced among other rivals in the market (Sadler, 2003). Only then the mission statement of the Maryland elementary school of becoming the top player in this sector might get fulfilled as compared to others in the market. Side by side, its range of students might also get enhanced day by day very rapidly. Trait theory: It is an approach describing the personalities of human beings. It is essential, because on the basis of his or her personality traits, I might approach the person for further discussion regarding the prospects of the goals in this competitive scenario. For example, this theory might also prove effective in understanding the personality traits of the senior managers and the administrators enrolled below me for the fulfillment of this task. Thus, it may be stated that trait theory of leadership is extremely essential for any leader or members of any organization or group. So, it is extremely essential for the leaders to attain a definite type of skills and traits to accomplish the objectives or goals (Sadler, 2003). Transformational leadership theory: This theory always tries to reject the personal interest and motivate the peers and employees to work for

Although some people feel airport security infringes on our privacy, Research Paper

Although some people feel airport security infringes on our privacy, It is necessary in order to keep our country and everyone that flies safe - Research Paper Example Any loophole on the part of airport security may lead to security threat to passengers. Although some people feel airport security infringes on our privacy, it is necessary in order to keep our country and everyone that flies safe. The intention of this paper is to identify the need for security in airports. Arguments for security check at the airport indicate that security checks prevent air terrorism attack (Schneier). The September 11 terrorist attack was a great lesson for the need of tight security at the airport. Analysts argue that proper security screening at the airport prevent passengers with harmful intentions from executing their plans. Some people do not intend to travel, but to blow airplanes. Security check prevents such individuals from bordering planes carrying their weapons of mass destruction. Before the September 11 terror attack, many passengers could carry some weapons. It is quite hard to read what is in the human mind. It is important to take precaution by observing security measures in order to avoid issues of security or terror threats. Terrorists usually look for slightest security weakness in order to execute their terror attack. Research on airport security revealed that the cost of preventing security attack is quite cheaper than the cost of security damage . Airport security seeks to protect facilities serving in the aviation industry and the aircraft against unlawful acts (Bajoria). Aviation facilities costs million of dollars thus they require protection from destruction. Mounting a security check at the airport is the only secure way of preventing individuals with ill intentions from carrying out their plans. When individuals with ill intentions get an opportunity to blow an aircraft, the aircraft company would lose its property and workers. This would be harmful to the economy of the country. Aviation industry contributes to the economy through provision of employment, taxes, promotion of trade among others. For a country

Drugs abuse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Drugs abuse - Essay Example In the article by Belz Tennessee has enacted laws that have make it difficult for drug stores to sell prescribed drugs (1). The laws also hinder the ease access of prescribed drugs by users. The article describes the laws effective way of dealing with the access of prescribed drugs. For instance, patient are required to take a urine test every few months to determine the level of illness or drug use. In additional, the patient is also required to visit a doctor for illness analysis before they could acquire a 30-day refill (Belz 1). From the results of patients, any medical practitioner is required to request the results before they could prescribe drugs. From the database created the state has been able to flag illegal instances of access of prescribed drugs. This approach has been exceptionally effective in the states objective to fight the abuse of prescribed drugs. According the Mayo Clinic Staffs, people who legally consumer commonly abused prescribed drugs often face the risk of getting addicted without proper prescription (1). For this reason, addiction may lead to illegal acquisition of prescribed drugs. Consequently, consumption of prescribed drugs should be done under accurate and definite prescriptions. The Mayo Clinic Staff provides ways that a patient could ensure they have correct prescriptions for their drugs. Firstly, the patient should ensure they are provided with the correct medication. The patient should then constantly check with their doctor for medical and drug analysis. This ensures the patients receives proper medication. The direction of use of the prescribed should then be followed effectively. The patient should also be educated enough by the supplier or practitioner on what their medication does (Mayo Clinic Staff 1). This includes education on side effects of the drugs. The prescriptions of another patient should not be used by another person. If a patient ignores these

Financial Managment worksheet 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Financial Managment worksheet 3 - Essay Example The investors who invest their money in the firm for hope to get a return on their investment are called stockholders or shareholders. In other words, evaluation of a proposed project should be based on the project's cost of capital (Vernimmen, 2005). This is because when a company raises capital, there is usually no direct links between the return to the supplier of the company's capital and the return on individual project. The corporation then uses the weighted average of these capitals for mixing in the firm's overall equity to analyze the capital budgeting decisions. It takes into consideration the weighted average of all the capital and is thus referred as weighted average cost of capital (WACC). The firm's mixture of debt and equity is called its capital expenditure. Although actual level of debt and equity may vary somewhat over time, most firms try to keep their financing mix close to a target capital structure. As we know that the WACC is a weighted average of relatively low-cost debt and high cost equity, so precisely we can say that capital structure change will affect the WACC to increase or decrease with respect to the change that occurs in the capital structure. The firm's mixture of debt and equity is called its capital structure. ... ecisely we can say that capital structure change will affect the WACC to increase or decrease with respect to the change that occurs in the capital structure. OPTIMAL CAPITAL STRUCTURE: The firm's mixture of debt and equity is called its capital structure. The fundamental source of a company's value is the stream of net cash flows generated by it assets. This stream is usually referred to as the company's net operating cash flow or earning before interest and taxes (EBIT). The capital structure adopted by a company divides the stream between different classes of investors. If a company is financed entirely by equity and there is no company tax, this entire stream is available to provide income to shareholders. If a company also borrows funds, the lenders have the first claim on the net operating cash flow and shareholders are entitled to the riskier, residual cash flow that remains after the lenders have been paid (Vernimmen, 2005). Manager should choose the capital structure that maximizes shareholder's wealth. The basic approach is to consider a trial capital structure based on the market values of the debt and equity, and then estimate the wealth of the sharehold ers under this capital structure. This approach is repeated until an optimal capital structure is identified. We have to take 5 steps into consideration to determine an "optimal capital structure", the steps are; 1. Estimate the interest rate the firm will pay 2. Estimate the cost of equity 3. Estimate the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) 4. Estimate the free cash flow and their present value, which is the value of the firm 5. Deduct the value of the debt to find the shareholders' wealth which we want to maximize An investor in a company with a low debt-equity ratio is likely to attach a low

Rethinking Race Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Rethinking Race - Assignment Example As the most predictable voice writing about Latino news and society since 1992, Futuro Media Groups Latino USA (LUSA) brings profundity of experience, on-the-ground associations and information of present and rising issues affecting Latino and other non-white individuals to each show. Reporting stories about assorted qualities, society, municipal dialog and how individuals live (and battle) with distinction in group is the bedrock of Latino USA. Futuro Media Group is an autonomous non-benefit media association established in April 2010 by recompense winning columnist Maria Hinojosa committed to creating sight and sound news-casting that investigates and gives basic voice to the assorted qualities of the American experience. Futuro Media meets expectations in general society interest – illuminating and instructing general society about convincing accounts, genuine lives and essential stories regularly disregarded by standard media. The film surveys the point to which early Black superheroes commonly adhered to collective stereotypes about Black men. From the humorous, to the offensive, ancient Black superheroes are censoriously well-thought-out. On democracy’s ghost the speaker poses questions such as: that America if fighting for democracy abroad when it cannot embrace. This is given an example in U.S when 1.5 million citizens are not allowed to vote. According to the speaker, the FRONTERA takes after Miguel (Michael Peà ±a), a persevering father and gave spouse who crosses the fringe unlawfully and is wrongfully blamed for killing the wife (Amy Madigan) of a previous sheriff (Ed Harris). Miguels pregnant wife (Eva Longoria) arrives in the hands of degenerate Mexican "Coyote" dealers as she tries to help her spouse, while the ex-lawman explores his wifes passing and uncovers confirm that could obliterate one familys

Impulsive Behavior of Romeo and Juliet Essay Example for Free

Impulsive Behavior of Romeo and Juliet Essay There are many examples of characters acting without thinking of the consequences in Romeo and Juliet. The story of Romeo and Juliet is written by the famous author William Shakespeare. The story is about a boy that falls in love with a girl but both of their families have a burning hatred for each other, which leads to both of Romeo’s and Juliet’s demise. Although there are some good things that happen as a result of Romeo acting before thinking, I’m going to show that on most occasions, his rash actions affect himself and others negatively. To begin, when Romeo has feelings for a girl, he thinks he feels â€Å"love† for them, but it is usually never the case. The Capulets throw a party due to a tradition and Romeo attends. While there he notices Juliet and is instantly attracted to her. He, like many other boys, is attracted to girls only for their looks and not personality: â€Å"Like a rich jewel in an Ethiop\s ear/Beauty too rich for use, for earth too dear!† (1.5.46-47). He is infatuated with Juliet, not in love with her. He is only focusing on her beauty rather than her non-visual redeeming qualities. Within a few minutes of meeting Juliet, he lost all his feeling of depression from being rejected by Rosaline: â€Å"Did my heart love till now? Forswear it, sight!/For I ne\er saw true beauty till this night†(1.5.52-53). He thought he was in love with Rosaline but then forgot all about her and his so-called â€Å"love† for her when he met Juliet. He now professes true love for Juliet. When Romeo hastily proclaims his love for girls, he doesn’t take the time to court the girls he likes, he makes them upset and feels rushed. Next, he was impetuous with killing himself when he thought Juliet was dead. Juliet took a potion to appear dead to avoid marrying Paris. When she woke up, she and Romeo were supposed to leave Verona together. Romeo found Juliet in the tomb where he was going to put Tybalt’s body. Romeo jumped straight to the conclusion that she was dead without checking to see if she was breathing or had a heartbeat: \Is crimson in thy lips and in thy cheeks/And death’s pale flag is not advancà ¨d there\(5.3.95-96). Romeo did not think about the fact that she could have taken a potion or be unconscious. He immediately took out the poison he obtained when he heard the news of Juliet’s â€Å"death† and drank it. When Juliet woke up, she saw that Romeo was dead: â€Å"Yea, noise? Then I\ll be brief. O happy dagger!/This is thy sheath; their rust, and let me die† (5.3.169-170). Romeo’s rash decision to take his own life led to Juliet snatching his dagger and ta king her own life. Both of these quotes show that if Romeo had slowed down, problem solved better, and thought through the consequences of his actions, he probably would not have chosen to take his life and would have ended up alive and with Juliet. On most occasions, Romeo’s impulsive decisions affect himself and others negatively. We can learn from his impulsive decisions which lead to dire consequences. Taking the time to assess our situations and weigh the consequences of our actions may help improve the outcomes of our decisions. Work Cited Shakespeare, William. Romeo and Juliet. Elements of Literature. Austin: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 2009. 901-1024. Print.

Biblical allusion Essay Example for Free

Biblical allusion Essay The Stranger, Shawshank Redemption Existentialism The philosophy of Existentialism described in The Stranger by Albert Camus, and Shawkshank Redemption by Stephen King and Frank Darabont.What is unique about these two stories is the fact that the veiwer can view Existentialism in the lives of two men who are opposite in personality, yet do similar actions. Even though there are many varietes of existentialism can be categorized into six major themes: existence before essence, reason is impotent to deal with the depths of human life, alienation or estrangement, fear and trembling anxiety, the encounter with nothingness, and freedom. Both stories contain much of this existence before essence which in simple terms means we gotta live we cant just is. Like in the beginning of the two stories both characters expressed the same bland and dull emotion. When Andy Dufresne, Shawshank, was at his trial and when he arrived at the prison for being accused of murdering his wife and lover. The emotion that he expressed was as if at the time he was simply ising and not living. Similar to that of Monsieur Meursault or M. from The Stranger, who also showed the exact emotion for when his mother died and his trial later on. These examples are probably the best because it clearly shows that at the time, they didnt really care about anything in life which is what existence before essence is. Other prime examples would be when M. and marie are getting ready to leave for the beach, Marie is all cheerful and excited, while M. doesnt look very thrilled (pg.47). For Andy, it would be when he was getting sexually assualted his first two years in prison. At the time even though he resisted a few times, he still didnt know his purpose in life. Even though they sound similar there was one thing that made them different and that was that when M. was to be executed he was fine with it because he had the mentality of my life is now meaningless. While for Andy, if he didnt do what the warden said, he was going to the hardest of time than anyone else. Andy had much time to think about his next move. One day while speaking with ,Red his best friend, he said to him get busy livin or get busy dyin' Andy managed to escape that same day. During the opening scene of the film, Andy was shown sitting in his car in  front of what was believed to be his wifes lovers house. At this time Andy was destroyed by the fact that his wife had been cheating on him and takes his gun and bullets out of his cars glove compartment. Without any thought we then see Andy get out of his car and smash a bottle of liqour and then see him make his way to the house. After that the scene fades out and leaves us wondering if Andy really did shoot them both out of grief. This leaves us off that Andys emotions got the best of him instead of sitting down and reasoning with what approach he should take for his current situation. Raymond friend of M, had done a similar action. Raymond too committed a crime of passion for when he beats his girlfriend for also believing she was cheating on him. Instead of confronting her about it, he instead beats her like a punching bag and pays the price. In my opinion this probably the greatest example for reason is impotent to deal with the depths of human because it happens so often and its easy to understand. M. the perfect person to think of when talking about one who alienates himself. M. was an interesting fellow because he hated to be around people, but at the same time loved to watch society from hisbalcony with wine and a cigarette in hand. There were countless times when he just perfered to be alone, awkwardly enough that was one of the main reasons he didnt mind being in jail. Even at his own mothers death, instead of sitting next to her friends from the Home, he sat across from them and just hated the idea that they were some sort of jury judging him. Andy too isolated himself from the other inmates when he first arrives to jail. Smart of him to do so. The last thing you want to do is piss someone off while youre in the same place as them 24/7. But once he got the hang of how things worked, Andy was more social and interactive in his new home. Old Salamano, friend and neighbor of M. was so scared for his dog who was missing. Salamano was scared and nevous for his old companion, he had no one else in his life besides his best friend. the thought of the police getting a hold of him made matters even worse, Salamano knew the dog was in terrible condition and if someone were to find him they would just kill him. Thoughts like these are what makes people go mad and end up committing suicide just like Brooks, from Shawshank. Brooks, an elderly man who had spent most of  his lifetime behind bars finally got the news he had been wanting for a very long time, his release date. When Brooks first got news of his release he feared of the outside world. He had been locked up for so long that he ended up depending on the walls themselves. With such fear and anxiety of the thought of him leaving everything he knows and loves, he gets a sharp object and about kills a man just so he can be there longer. Eventually his friends talk him out of it and ends up leaving. Later on we see Brooks depressed and ends up hanging himself in his apartment building. The encounter with nothingness, people who feel that are left with nothing. The reason why M. was ok with his execution. M. had felt as if there was just nothing for him to be in the world and was ok with his death. Throughout the time of the death of his mother M. has this what is left attitude. Even Andy, pondering his thoughts while he was thrown in the hole for two months. Wondering what he would have left if he didnt obey the warden. Throughout movie and part of the book it has that feel of once youre in prison you dont really have anything left, they practically own everything about you. Freedom, the word that has many meanings. Freedom can mean a variety of things but for the movie it meant escaping jail for the most part. As for Brooks, freedom meant finally being at peace with himself. For Andy, it meant escaping that terrible place and following his long dream of going to Zihuantanejo and opening a small hotel. Even if it meant that he had to escape throught a 500 yard long sewer. Red, the man who thought he would never see the outside world again, saw freedom when he walked out the gates of Shawshank and met up with long time friend, Andy. As for M. it meant dying also. M. felt that he was never going to be free until he took full responsibility for his actions and faced death. For this Existentialism can be seen in many ways, fashions, symbols and through innovations in conventional form.

Techniques and Types of Jailbreak

Techniques and Types of Jailbreak Mohammad Alfaifi Apple is a global company that produces devices such as iPhone, iPad, and iMac. Actually, it is specializing in Software and they have a system called IOS. With the technology evolution, hackers have advanced and find vulnerability in Apple software that allowed breaking the system. This way called jailbreak. This project includes a general review about jailbreak and the way it works. Also its development over the years and mention names of some organizations such as iPhone Dev team, Chronic-Dev, dream team, Pangu, Evad3rs, PP25 and Keen. Jailbreak is one of the words that grown fast recently. Apple prefers to design something and tell you, This is how it should be used. Apple came with the system that is fixed which mean you are not allowed to install tools thats help you with your needs and because of that Apple is one of a biggest secure system in the world. Some people feel that they cant do whatever they want with feeling that Apples operate system is like a jail. Jailbreak came to gives the people ability to break the operating system to do whatever they want whether to install tools or themes. Apple products are well-made but they had limitation. Jailbreaking breaks those limits and gives you more control in your device. 1.1. Is jailbreaking legal? United States of America has a rule that allowing the jailbreak and you can jailbreaking your smartphone or tablets you want[1]. Apple support center [2] published a clearance that jailbreak is legal but you will lose the support (warranty). If you install jailbreak in your Apple product, Apple will not sue you because of that and all what they can do is to stop supporting your device and if something happens it is under your responsibility. 2.1. Jailbreak types 2.1.1. Tethered In this type, Jailbreak is temporary. When you turn off your device you cant boot your device up without connect it to PC to delete the Jailbreak and then you are able to boot the device. In this Jailbreak you have to install it every time you turn off your device [3]. 2.1.2. Semi Tethered It looks like tethered jailbreak with addition thing that here you can turn off your device and boot it again without any problem. The features are limited [3]. 2.1.3. Untethered It is the common jailbreak and the new one. It gives the user ability to run all the tools and applications they downloaded anytime they want. In this type, you can turn off your device without fear of losing the jailbreak [3]. 2.2. Jailbreak teams There are many developers of a jailbreak, Cydia, and hackers of IOS system who have a wide fame in the community of iOS users and jailbreak system. These developers and hackers have great merit in making jailbreak a strong community. They have begun attacking the iOS system and deployment jailbreak since the early days of the issued of the first system for the iPhone. In July 2007, a few days after the release the iPhone system, a group of developers create the first tool of jailbreak, and shortly afterwards, there were many versions of tools for jailbreak. In the October 2007, they created the first jailbreak 1.0 which was also called (AppSnapp) 2.3. How jailbreak works 2.3.1. bootchain The bootchain [4] (also called chain of trust) is the system by Apple which can tries to ensure that only signed or trusted code is loaded on an iOS device. Figure 1: bootchain modulers       The bootchain consist couple of deferent modules that load each other and between the loadings there are check points that Apple put it in order to prevent unauthorized access to the code. Boot ROM is the first significant code that starts in the device. It is read-only which means it cant be modified by Apple when they release a device. This part is hard to Jailbreak because it connect with the hardware not the software it in the chip inside the device, but if someone Jailbreak this part, Apple cant stop the Jailbreak and they have to change the hardware next time they publish a new device. Low level Bootloader (LLB) which is a part of the software. It runs several setup routines. On firmware versions 2.0 and higher it checks the signature of Boot ROM before jumping to it. If someone found vulnerabilities and Jailbreak this part, Apple can close the vulnerabilities by releasing new software version (iOS firmware). iBoot is Apples stage 2 bootloader for all of the devices. It runs what is known as Recovery Mode. It has an interactive interface which can be used over USB or serial. IOS Kernel is using page verification. When you start application the Kernel will verify if the application has the code singing in tagged. If it has SHA1 verification it will pass the application to AMFI which is a Kernel extension. The Kernel doesnt verify if the applications signature is valid, it is only verified if the signature is exist. IOS apps are the phase after the Kernel boot. It goes hand to and with iOS Kernel. For iOS all applications have to be signed since the launch of the App Store (iOS 2.0), this includes all system binaries that come with iOS. For the end user. This code signing enforcement cannot be disabled, which makes that an end user can only install applications from the App Store. /private/etc/fstabis is where all the iOS files are stores and must be patched. fstab is like a switch that is giving you the ability to control the media partitions and the permissions. By default, fstab is setting as a read-only mode that letting you to read or view only without making any changes. To be able to make any modifications, you have to set the fstab as read-write mode. It is very important for your Apple device because it is controlling the permission of the media partition and the root. The big problem is to pass in all the files you need through the various checkpoints. The checkpoint is what Apple does in order to ensuring the file is legit or coming from a third party. Every file is signed by a key. The file will be through a way and be unusable if this file without kay. In short, we can access to the door if we either find a back door entry (bypass) or unlock the lock (patch all checkpoints). Patching is a difficult and mostly not worth the effort. So, most people who make the jailbreak will try to find a backdoor entry or a bypass. 2.3.2. Limera1n Exploit The limera1n exploit is the bootrom and iBoot exploit used to run unsigned code (and thereby jailbreak) the iPod touch 3rd Generation, the iPhone 3GS and all A4 chip devices. It was first used in the limera1n tool by geohot. It is used to perform a tethered jailbreak on the devices that mentioned above. The jailbreak can then be turned into an untethered jailbreak with other exploits, such as the 0x24000 Segment Overflow [5]. Limera1n is the final publicly disclosed bootrom exploit of any device. The last device released vulnerable to limera1n is the iPhone 4. 2.4. Advantages of using jailbreak Jailbreak means that the user can download applications without the need of Apple store, and controls the tones and add modifications to the system. Also decoding constraint on company communications device, such as AT T or Verizon, it can go further than this when some people want to amendment on the phone. The majority is in the process of jailbreak for your iPhone, using Cydia to download the software tools to your device and install them. Cydia is an application or store tools allows owners devices that have been untying them to browse the applications and tools and carry it to the device without any restrictions 2.5. Disadvantages of using jailbreak There are many people prefer to stay away of Jailbreak their devices. When you Jailbreak your device that means your device is no longer under the Apple ensuring [2]. All tools and applications you download are not licensed by Apple and it may break your device because it is not secure. Also one of important things in the device is the battery. Jailbreak consumes a lot of power on your device which mean your battery couldnt stand long. 2.6. Risks of using Jailbreak Since jailbreaking a device bypasses all security measures of the device to allow developers and users more control over the applications and device respectively, it brings inherent risks which must not be ignored by both developers and users. Here are few dangers of jailbreaking a device [3] Many a times jailbreaking tools installs an SSH application by default on a device and default password for iOS device alpine is very well known. If a user does not change the default password, attackers can remotely control the operation of device. Since jailbreaking grants root access to any application running on a device, there is a risk of malicious application accessing sensitive information of other apps. 3.1. How to know if your device can jailbreak As a first step you have to know the version of your IOS system. Then search on Internet if this version has a Jailbreak or not. The best way to search is to get into the Jailbreak teams websites. Since Jailbreak is published by one team other teams published their copies too. All jailbreaking tools available to install in application called Cydia, which is similar to the Apple App Store but applications available on Cydia are not checked by Apple and developers can submit their applications to distribute through Cydia. Figure 2: Jailbroken IPhone with Cydia 4.1. History of Cydia Cydia is a third-party installer application for all Apple devices. Developed by Jay Freeman (Saurik), Cydia is similar to the official App Store. Cydia is a manager mobile application for IOS, which enables the user to find and install tools or software packages on jailbroken device. Its important for you to jailbreak your IOS device to get the Cydia. With Cydia everyone has the option of customizing their devices [6]. 4.2. Add or remove sources   Ã‚   Cydia is a store depends on the developers. The sources are small stores of the developers to upload their tools on it. Cydia came within BigBoss source. This source is built-in the Cydia because it is by the Cydia creator. If you want to install other developers sources follow these steps: Figure 3: iPhone Home Screen Find the Cydia application on your iPhones home screen and click on it. Figure 4: Cydia Screen Click on Sources in the bottom bar. The screen of the sources that been added shown. Click on edit and then add. Figure 5: Adding source screen Write the URL of the source and click on Add Source. Now the source will be add into your list of sources and can search on any tool in it and install whatever you want. 5.1. Security without jailbreak The security without Jailbreak is under Apple control. Apple has a store includes more than 2 million of applications [7]. These applications are not only for smartphones only. They support tablets, Apple TV and smart watches. Apple takes two days to approval a new application that uploaded from a developer [8]. These two days is giving Apple a time to review the app submitted to the App Store to determine whether it is perform as expected, reliable and is free of offensive material. Apple reviews every app submitted based on a set of technical, content, and design criteria. 5.2. Security with jailbreak We agree Jailbreak is a risk for your device. This is for people with no knowledge of technologies. Privacy is one of those things that most people will say they care about, but they really dont. However, if you truly do care about your privacy, device jailbreaking is a good way for that. Jailbreak is giving you tools to hide your information of others, even of Apple. There is another tool take care of your phone when it is stolen. When the criminal enter wrong password the tool take a selfie (photo from front camera) and send it to your E-mail with the location. Those are simples of thousands of tools give you a security more than device without Jailbreak [9]. [1]L. of C. U.S. Copyright Office, Exemption to Prohibition on Circumvention of Copyright Protection Systems for Access Control Technologies. U.S. Copyright Office, Library of Congress., 28-Oct-2015. [2]Unauthorized modification of iOS can cause security vulnerabilities, instability, shortened battery life, and other issues, Apple Support. [Online]. Available: https://support.apple.com/en-sa/HT201954. [Accessed: 14-Jan-2017]. [3]R. Patel, Improving Security in Jailbroken iOS Devices, B. Thomas Golisano College of Computing and Information Sciences, Rochester, New York, 2016. [4]Apple, iOS Security. May-2016. [5]D. Keuper, XNU: a security evaluation, University of Twente and Certi_ed Secure, 2012. [6]D. Wicks, What is Cydia and Cydia Basics, IEEnews, Jul. 2016. [7]J. Golson, Apples App Store now has over 2 million apps, The Verge, 13-Jun-2016. [Online]. Available: http://www.theverge.com/2016/6/13/11922926/apple-apps-2-million-wwdc-2016. [Accessed: 29-Jan-2017]. [8]O. Raymundo, Apple is approving apps for the iOS App Store much faster now, Macworld, 12-May-2016. [Online]. Available: http://www.macworld.com/article/3070012/ios/apple-is-approving-apps-for-the-ios-app-store-much-faster-now.html. [Accessed: 28-Jan-2017]. [9]C. Lloyd, How Jailbreaking Makes Your iPhone More Secure Private, GottaBeMobile, 22-Oct-2015. [Online]. Available: http://www.gottabemobile.com/how-jailbreaking-makes-your-iphone-more-secure-private/. [Accessed: 03-Feb-2017].

Changes Of Time :: essays research papers

Ever since the invention of the television in 1939, African Americans have been portrayed as maids, servants or clowns. These negative perceptions started to appear in sitcoms such as in Amos and Andy, who were the stereotypical blacks who never took anything seriously. All those views changed during the 1970’s when black sitcoms were becoming more reality based. Although blacks have been, and often still, portrayed in a negative way on TV, there has been some improvements of stereotypical images of African Americans on television. There were five stereotypical roles of blacks between 1940-1970; the Tom, Coon, Mammie, Tragic Mulatto, and the Buck (Gray â€Å"Recognizing†). The â€Å"Tom† was always insulted, but kept to his faith and remained generous and kind. The â€Å"coon† (most used image) was always lazy, unreliable and constantly butchered his speech. The â€Å"mammie† was more distinguished than the coon only because of her sex. She was usually big and plump and full of life. The â€Å"tragic mulatto† was fair-skinned, trying to pass for white. Always well-liked and believed that their lives could have been better if they were not biracial. The last stereotype was the â€Å"buck†. He was the big, oversexed black man (Gray â€Å"Recognizing†). In the late 1960’s, there were shows like â€Å"I Spy† and â€Å"The Flip Wilson Show† which had blacks starring in them. Starting in 1971, shows were premiering everywhere with black casts (â€Å"Changing Image† 76). Sanford and Son appeared on NBC on January 14,1972, to replace another show (Booth 26). The show took place in South Central California, where Fred Sanford and his son Lamont lived and owned a junkyard. Fred was satisfied with his little business. However, Lamont, wanted something bigger and better. Fred would do anything to keep his son from abandoning him and the business. Every time Lamont threatened to leave, Fred would do his famous act and fake a heart attack and start moaning to his late wife, "I'm coming, Elizabeth, I'm coming." Lamont, never fooled by his father's scheme did love him and, despite what he said about his future, really would not have left him (â€Å"Network and Cable†). They were rated the 6th most pop ular show during the 1971-72 season, and 10th during the 1976-77 season. The stereotype was still there, but realistic views were appearing on the show of realistic lives of black men. After Sanford and Son aired, others followed. Good Times appeared in 1974 (Ingram ‘Good Times†).

The Scarlet Letter: The Response to Sin Essay -- Theme of Sin in The S

We are all sinners. Although one may try hard not to sin, all humans eventually succumb at some time or another to sin. While people may not able to avoid the fate which awaits them, the power of free will allows people to decide how they will respond to sin. While some may respond with guilt and regret, others may react with a sense of redemption and a renewed sense of responsibility. Nathanial Hawthorne, an American author during the 19th century witnessed the power of sin to wreak havoc not only to an individual but a whole community. His novel The Scarlet Letter expresses this very idea by exposing the follies of mankind and the potentially detrimental effects of sin trough Hester Prynne, Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale, and Roger Chillingworth who all affected by sin in different ways. Utilizing powerful symbols and light/dark imagery, Hawthorne conveys to the readers, through these characters, the power of how one’s response to sin can positively change an individual or gradually destroy one by spreading like a contagious disease and ultimately consuming the victim. Through Hester and the symbol of the scarlet letter, Hawthorne reveals how sin can be utilized to change a person for the better, in allowing for responsibility, forgiveness, and a renewed sense of pride. In a Puritan society that strongly condemns adultery one would expect Hester to leave society and never to return again, but that does not happen. Instead, Hester says, â€Å"Here†¦had been the scene of her guilt, and here should be the scene of her earthly punishment; and so, perchance, the torture of her daily shame would at length purge her soul, and work out another purity than that which she had lost; more saint-like, because the result of martyrdom.† Hes... ...to portray through Dimmesdale and Chillingworth, that without responsibility for wrongful deeds our world will eventually be destroyed just like these two individuals. However, Hawthorne, through the portrayal of Hester, shows that he has not given up on humanity. If our world is going to survive for future generations it has to model itself after Hester’s behavior. Yes, sin is inevitable but we must learn to respond to it with responsibility, forgiveness, and redemption rather than with guilt, revenge, and uncertainty. More importantly we must learn to remain honest and truthful in whatever action we carry out because in the end only God will have the power to grant us the ultimate forgiveness by saving us or damning us to Hell. Work Cited Hawthorne, Nathaniel. "The Scarlet Letter." Nathaniel Hawthorne's Tales. Ed. James McIntosh. New York: Norton, 1987.

The Rainmaker Essay -- essays research papers

The Rainmaker   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Enticing readers and basically giving people something good to read, John Grisham is an established star in literature. What makes his books so great is that they are so realistic. He applies his personal law and trial knowledge into the books he writes. Put together with creative story telling, his makes his novels hard to put down.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Rainmaker starts with the last semester of law school for Rudy Baylor. He was assigned to give free advice to a group of seniors. It is at that very time, and that very place, that Rudy encounters his first and most important clients, Dot and Buddy Black. A powerful insurance company with millions of dollars has apparently swindled them. They have caused the suffering and inevitable death of a young man, Dot and Buddy's son. The coverage that was obliged was not issued, and Donny Ray, stricken by Leukemia, therefore lost his chance to live.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This case plays out for a matter of months, while the broke Rudy Baylor rents a room from one of his clients, a Mrs. Birdy Birdsong. He is also forced to work for a felonious lawyer when the firm he was going to be initiated into merges with a larger one. Eventually, he goes to head with one of America's most experienced and accomplished defense attorneys.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  From the beginning of the novel to the last word, Rudy is plagued with a series of mishaps and problems. When somet...

Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions 3 Countries

Hofstede’s Dimensions of Culture: An overview of Venezuela, Belgium and Japan International Business ADM 3155 Table of Contents Introduction to Hofstede’s Dimensions of Culture3 Individualism3 Masculinity3 Power Distance4 Uncertainty Avoidance4 Conclusion5 VENEZUELA5 Introduction to Venezuela6 Individualism6 Masculinity7 Power Distance7 Uncertainty Avoidance8 Conclusion8 BELGIUM11 Introduction to Belgium11 Individualism12 Masculinity12 Power Distance13 Uncertainty Avoidance14 Conclusion14 JAPAN16 Introduction to Japan16 Individualism16 Masculinity17 Power Distance18Uncertainty Avoidance18 Conclusion19 Conclusion to Hofstede’s Dimensions of Culture20 References23 Hofstede’s Dimensions of Culture Introduction to Hofstede’s Dimensions of Culture In 1984, Geert Hofstede published a book called Culture’s Consequences. In this book, he divides cultures into four basic categories. These categories are individualism, masculinity, dower distance and u ncertainty avoidance. Hofstede assigns different cultures a number on a scale between 1 and 100 for each category depending on how their culture corresponds to the description.By analyzing how a country fits into each section a person can get a better understanding of how a culture operates in their daily lives and also in their business. Individualism Individualism refers to how people within a culture interact with one another. Knowing how people work with one another will help you to understand how they will work with you in a business setting. High individualism will display characteristics like importance of employees’ personal life, emotional independence from the company, calculative involvement and more importance attached to freedom and challenge in their jobs (Hofstede).People with high individualism prefer individual decisions as opposed to group decisions. Society encourages individuals to show their own initiative which relates to them finding smaller companies m ore attractive. High individualism can be seen as a more selfish and self-serving way of living (Nasierowski). This is very important when conducting business in a different culture. If you are looking for innovators, new ideas, and self-motivated people, who will contribute more than just labour to your company you should look for a country with high individualism.When conducting business in a high individualism society it is important to recognize individual achievements and reward people on an individual basis. Recognising individual differences and ideas is important as well as giving individual praise and recognition. This will keep employees satisfied and motivated. Individual workers want to chance to excel and they tend to look after themselves and their own needs and advancement and are not concerned with â€Å"stepping on others to get ahead†. Masculinity This dimension is not looking at gender roles specifically, but at the characteristics generally associated with masculinity and femininity.Masculinity is referring to aggressiveness, the desire for power, wealth and achievement. A country with a high masculinity will show traits including admiration for the strong, importance placed on earnings, recognition, advancement and challenge, employees attracted to larger organizations and higher job stress. They also find it acceptable for the company to interfere with their private life. This can be an advantage if you are looking for highly motivated individuals (Hofstede). High masculinity is good for doing business because these employees will be competitive, aggressive and driven for success.They are willing to make sacrifices in their personal lives to achieve success in their business. When working in this type of environment people are more willing to work over-time. You can easily get results from your employees by throwing money and power at them. These employees are not as concerned with ethics or the environment as they are with economi c growth (Nasierowski). Power Distance Inequality is the main issue that power distance addresses. Power distance measures how a culture, group or organization views themselves and each other in terms of authority and value.In a county with a high power distance value is placed on obedience to the person who is seen as in charge. Children obey parents, students obey teachers, employees obey employers, etc. , without question. There is a large amount of fear associated with high power distance and those seen as â€Å"lower† or â€Å"less important† show resentment towards those higher than them and also show distrust to one another. In business, employees do not have input into the company and simply follow orders. Employees are viewed as unmotivated and unhappy with their jobs (Hofstede). Uncertainty AvoidanceUncertainty avoidance is a fear of the unknown. If a culture has high uncertainty avoidance then they are looking to escape any type of difference or change that would occur in their lifestyle, job, culture, government, etc. Characteristics typical of high uncertainty avoidance include a fear of failure, higher job stress, frequent worry about the future and less achievement motivation. Loyalty to ones employer and a tendency to stay with that same employer are also characteristics. This could be viewed as a very positive or negative quality depending on your type of business (Nasierowski).In a business that requires controls and regulations, for example a factory. You would prefer a country with high uncertainty avoidance because you know that they will not try to change any of the products you are producing. They will be more likely to continue following the exact rules, regulations and policy that you have placed in front of them. In business, you will not have to worry about any radical changes or interference. If you want anything new it will have to be introduced slowly and carefully with clear direction. However, you know that once an idea is taken on it will not be tampered with.Conclusion As the world continues to â€Å"shrink†, we begin to experience more globalization and must interact more frequently with other cultures. Through Hofstede’s dimensions we can gain a greater understanding of how to integrate our business with other countries. Being able to understand a country’s culture and how it is different from your own is vital to success in international business. We can decide where would be the best place to do business and how to make it more successful. Before entering a new market the culture and values inside and outside the workplace need to be understood.Almost all businesses are to some degree impacted by globalisation and therefore having knowledge of other countries and other cultures is vital. In this paper we will address three countries from different culture groupings: Japan, from the Independent block, Belgium, from the Latin European block, and Venezuela from the Lat in American block. These blocks are clusters of countries that share common aspects of culture; including geographic location, language, and history. For example, the Latin European block includes not only Belgium but France, Italy, Portugal and Spain. Nasierowski). By explaining how these three countries fall into Hofstede’s dimensions we will be able to help you understand some of the advantages and disadvantages of doing business with these cultures (Nasierowski). Advantages include being able to understand what will motivate your employees and business partners and how to communicate properly in different business settings. For example, depending on what country you were in, Hofstede’s dimensions of culture will help you to know the best way to communicate changes to your business partners and employees.VENEZUELA Introduction to Venezuela Venezuela is a Latin country that occupies most of the northern coast of South America on the Caribbean Sea. The rest of Venezue la is surrounded by Brazil, Colombia, and Guyana. Venezuela has a population over 27 million, which could be considered relatively small compared to other countries with thinking in terms of expanding business markets. The capital city is Caracas which has a population of over 3 million. After gaining independence from Spain in 1821, Venezuela continued to go through a period of unstable dictators.In the early 1900’s it became a major exporter of oil. The oil wealth contributed to the large gap between the countries extremely wealthy and extremely poor. Venezuela’s current President is Left wing Socialist Hugo Chavez who promised to even the gap between the rich and the poor. He is dedicated to loosing Venezuela’s dependence on the U. S. for oil exportation and is therefore trying to strengthen his oil shipping business with China. This could be attributed to his close friendship with Dictator Fidel Castro of Cuba. (â€Å"http://www. state. ov†) When revi ewing the country of Venezuela within Hofstede’s dimensions of culture we find that it falls into extremes with both very high scores and one very low score. (Hofstede) Individualism In contrast to the rest of the scores Venezuela has received in Hofstede’s rankings, in this dimension they are only a 12 out of 100. This means a very low individualism in this culture. Low individualism means that they are group oriented people. They are concerned about how decisions will affect everyone in the group. They have in-groups and out-groups and think of people in terms of how they fit into such groups (Hofstede).It is important when doing business to realize that they will be concerned with the training and physical conditions the organization provides. They have a moral involvement with the company and they place a great deal of emphasis on duty, expertness and prestige as life goals. This type of mind set is called collectivism. If you are doing business with a group of peo ple with high collectivism, you must understand that they are looking at the age of a person. Age is an indicator of knowledge and experience. Collectivists want to do business with people who have been around for a while and know them as a group.They do not like outsiders; you must earn your way into their trust and fit into their group the same way they want to fit in to their own group. For doing business with this group of people you must first learn to belong. You as an outsider will not be able to tell them anything or get them to follow you unless you first belong. The same can be considered when marketing or advertising to these countries as they will only want purchase things that will fit into their already preconceived ideas of life and work. Masculinity At 73 out of 100, Venezuela once again has a high ranking.This means that it tends to be a male dominated society and power structure. This can cause the female population to become more competitive and assertive; however , they are still not on the same level as the male population. Masculinity also means that they are looking for earnings, recognition, advancement and challenge (Hofstede). This would be important to keep in mind when doing business with a Venezuelan company or employees because it can help you identify how to appeal to them to get better work or dealings from them.You can recognize that they are looking for larger corporations and organizations and they are attracted to wealth and success. For countries with high masculinity you can easily motivate your employees with money and success. They are looking to own fancy material objects and have the latest technology and accessories. If you want your employees to do something or achieve something all you have to do is entice them with prestige and power. If you are having a business meeting, take them to an expensive restaurant, ear your best designer suit and pick them up in a flashy car. Power Distance This is Venezuela's highest ran king dimension with 81 out of 100. This is an indication of a high level of inequality of power and wealth which is accepted by the culture as a whole. Hofstede states that Venezuela is in the top 5 in the â€Å"employees afraid† category. This means that Venezuelans show a clear distinction between â€Å"boss† and â€Å"employee†. The boss makes all the rules and the employees follow. A Venezuelan employee would not offer their opinion or any ideas to management.They would not ask questions or for clarification of their job either. The large power distance means that people are concerned with getting favour by saying â€Å"yes† to whatever the boss says (Hofstede). This means that when you are doing business with them you must always remember that if they are looking at you as being the one â€Å"in power† they will not contradict you or tell you if they do not understand anything that you are telling them about how your business is going to be co nducted. They will not offer any suggestions.It also means that if they consider themselves to be the ones in power they are not looking for you to disagree with them or ask them any questions. They are also not looking for any suggestions or ideas either. They are only looking for a â€Å"yes sir†. There is also a large wage difference between the top employees and the labourers. Uncertainty Avoidance Venezuela scores 76 out of 100 on the Uncertainty Avoidance Index. This indicates a high level of uncertainty avoidance. As we have discussed earlier, high uncertainty avoidance indicates a resistance to change and new ideas.There are three indicators for uncertainty avoidance, rule orientation, employment stability and stress (Hofstede). Venezuela being a country with a long history of dictatorship and having a large gap between the rich and the poor can easily fit these three indicators and therefore explain the high uncertainty avoidance. People are used to having on leader and being forced to follow their rules. They are very concerned with their employment because there are not a lot of good jobs to be found. Stress can mean many different things and have many different triggers.For a citizen it could be fear of punishment for rebellion and for an employee, a fear of losing one’s job. When thinking about doing business with Venezuela, you would have to take into account that their high uncertainty avoidance would mean that your employees or business partner are looking for rules and regulations to follow. They want stability and are looking for a routine. They do not like change or progression in their jobs. They are not risk takers in business and would need reassurance. ConclusionWhen viewing the country of Venezuela through Hofstede's dimensions of culture, you can get a better understanding of how decisions are made in this culture and how you can create more profitable business dealings within this country or with companies from this coun try. For Venezuelan’s we see that there is a high power distance which means you should appeal to those who are in power if you are looking to create a business deal or if you are looking to make a change. It will also help you to know that you would have to accommodate your employees who would not be willing to contradict you or ask questions.You must also remember that no one appreciates change or is willing to initiate it, which can be very difficult to deal with in today’s ever changing society. Large corporations are more appealing to Venezuelans, as is money, power and appreciation, but Venezuelans live within groups and therefore are concerned about what is best for all those involved in their group. With these things in mind you would be able to create a successful business relationship as long as you are willing to show understanding for the differences in our shrinking world.Other things that need to be taken into account are the political factors. For Venezu ela this is a negative factor as the government has control over everything in this country. The banking process is very complex and so is the purchasing system. You require identification and verification for all purchases. The government is very concerned about citizens investing their money in other countries and would therefore be very involved in any business associations with companies in Venezuela.Your business would have to have some sort of gain for the country as well as your own profits (â€Å"BBC News†). Another indication of the possible difficulties in doing business in Venezuela is that of the ranking given to this country from the World Bank, International Finance Corporation. Each year they show the results from a series of questions they ask of each country for things like getting a permit, property rights, etc. ; all things that would be considered when starting a business in that country. With these results they rank the countries in order.Venezuela is ver y close to the bottom of the list, which means that obtaining permits, business rights, starting a business, paying taxes, and dealing outside of the borders are all more difficult compared to other countries. The official ranking is 177 out of 183 countries (â€Å"Doing Business: Measuring Business Regulations†). This is all an example of Porter’s Diamond which is a theory that helps you look at a country and see certain factors that affect business. Porter discusses how business has several different factors and government is a specific element that can make a difference at any one of the four points in the diamond.The four areas include: firm, strategy and structure; demand conditions; related and supporting industries; factor conditions (Nasierwoski). This country shows an example of how government is heavily involved in the firm, strategy and structure as well as the related and supporting industries. In fact, you could suggest that government is a factor in the e ntire diamond. This is why it is so difficult to do business in Venezuela. Not only is government involved in everything but it is a very strict and controlling government. BELGIUM Introduction to BelgiumBelgium is a small country surrounded by France, Germany, The Netherlands and Luxembourg. Located in one of the world’s most advanced continents and industrialised regions, Belgium is an important international trading partner and a powerful force in the world of international business. Belgium relies heavily on both imports and exports to fuel its growing economy. It was one of the founding countries of the European Union and the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation. The country also belongs to the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.Currently it has the 9th largest GDP in Europe (World Bank) and its per capita GDP ranks among the worlds highest. The country is also home to Europe’s second largest port, importing and exporting goods internationally, in 2010 exports made up 261 billion dollars. The country has a large industrial sector which includes; steel, textiles, refining, chemicals, food processing, pharmaceuticals, automobile, electronics, and machinery fabrication. (â€Å"Belgium Europe†) It is one of the most densely populated countries in the world with a population of over 10,400,000. â€Å"Belgium Facts†)Belgium has three official languages; Dutch, French and German although English is widely spoken. The country grants more new citizenships than any other country besides Canada. (â€Å"Eupedia's Belgium Guide†)Belgium is one of the most economically and technologically advanced countries in the world and has very high standards of living. They were one of the first countries to legalise gay marriage and the first county to issue electronic passports. The country is number the one chocolate exporter in the world and ninety percent of raw diamonds are negotiated and distributed in Belgium.The country also has the highest proportion of female ministers in the world and the smallest salary gap between males and females in the EU. (â€Å"Eupedia's Belgium Guide†) This small but powerful country continues to grow and expand its international reach. Individualism Belgium’s second highest dimension is individualism with a score of 80 which means that they put a strong emphasis on the individual rather than the group. There is a large focus on individual achievement, initiative and success. When doing business in Belgium it’s important to treat everyone as an individual who has their own ideas and personality.Individualism is something to be celebrated and standing out is important. Therefore, when working with this type of society, it is important to recognise individual achievements and give rewards and recognition to employees on an individual basis. Recognition and rewards are good ways to motivate employees. In this society personal time and personal freedom are highly valued and therefore it is important to give employees their space and freedom to work. It is important not to monitor employee’s work too closely as this can be interpreted negatively, and employees expect to have the freedom to work independently.Work life and personal life are two different and separate things and privacy in both are respected. High individualism is reflected on the emphasis of ‘I’ as opposed to ‘We’. Individuals look out for themselves and their immediate family and therefore look out for ways to better themselves and advance themselves and their immediate family. It is common to pursue individual goals and self advancement at the expense of others. When making decision people think about how the decision will affect them and do not always think of what is better for others.Employees will often change jobs and job loyalty is not very high. When working in this society it is important not to depend on others or on group s and to work on your own. Promotion and ranking often depend on individual performance and not on seniority. (â€Å"Individualism,†) (Hofstede) Masculinity Belgium’s lowest cultural dimension is Masculinity, at 49 putting it in twenty-second place. Belgium is almost right in the middle so therefore they don’t have any extremes towards masculinity or femininity. The country falls in the middle and value both femininity and masculinity equally.It is important to have both these traits. As a leader it is important to display the traits associate with both a masculine and a feminine work ethic in order to fit in and be accepted. A culture that is more masculine tends to focus more on advancement and earning whereas a culture that is more feminine tends to focus more on a friendly atmosphere and position security. Because Belgium is almost in the middle its important when conducting business to maintain both masculine and feminine characteristic and not bend toward extremes.Realise that although advancement, earnings and money are important it is also important in the Belgium business setting to have cooperation, security and a good work environment. High masculine societies prefer large businesses and high feminine societies prefer small busyness therefore the idea business size for Belgium’s is somewhere in the middle. Big enough to be competitive and aggressive, yet small enough to have a nurturing stable environment for the employees. In the Belgium society there is less of a distinction between genders and gender roles.Therefore when conducting business do not assume that someone has certain responsibilities or has a certain roles due to their gender. Support and friendliness are just as important as brilliance and performance in Belgium. To be successfully in business dealings with Belgium remember to display a mix both feminine and masculine qualities and to treat both genders as equally important. (Hofstede) Power Distance Belgi um’s third highest dimension is power distance. Belgium has a power distance of 60 which means that to some degree it is thought that power is not distributed evenly.Although Belgium has a higher power distance they do not have a really high power distance so people respect authority but are not always afraid to ask questions to superiors. Although there is some two way communication, it tends to be more one way communication. A high power distance means that decision making is more centralised and roles and responsibilities are more clearly defined. Organisations have more bureaucracy and larger pay difference exist between jobs and positions. In Belgian businesses there exists a more vertical organisational structure and more vertical communication.In an organisation with a vertical structure there tends to be more rules and policies and it is important to be aware of these rules and policies when conducting business in the country. Information and communication move upward and downward throughout the ranks. It is important when doing business to give clear and precis directions to insure that everyone understands because they might not be comfortable asking for clarification. The relationship between the member of the top of the hierarchy and the bottom of the hierarchy are limited and very professional.Relationships within organisations are more distant. Therefore in business it is important to know the different levels of jobs and who makes the decisions. Depending on what position you hold you will answer to others who hold higher positions of authority and make most of the rules and decisions. It is important to show respect to those in higher positions. If you are on a lower level you may be restricted to certain information. Problems are usually blamed on the people who work in lower positions. (â€Å"Power Distance Index. â€Å")(Hofstede) Uncertainty AvoidanceThe countries highest dimension is uncertainty avoidance, with a 94 which mean tha t Belgium as a society not mot like taking risks. This high level also indicates the country’s low tolerance for uncertainty. Belgium’s very high level of uncertainty avoidance affects how they do business and must be considered and understood before conducting business with a Belgium company or with someone from Belgium. If you think you can change a Belgian businesses way of thinking or doing something in a short period of time you will not be successful.One of the main aspects is that they like to avoid risk and stay away from uncertain and risky situations, including foreigners and foreign ways of doing business. Having things well planned out and prepared in advanced and having things clearly explained is important. Resistance to change is high and therefore changes must be slowly introduced. Laws of the workplace as well as all other laws tend to be carefully followed so it is very important to understand and abide by Belgium laws when doing business in Belgium. They rely heavily on rules, laws and regulation in order to avoid risky situations.When doing business in Belgium it is important to know your facts and be very organised. Belgians will move towards stable low risk investments and avoid unstable high risk investments. Unstructured and uncertain situations are avoided. Because they fear the unknown, foreigners and new ideas are regarded warily and foreigners who want to conduct business with the country must be careful. Because of the fear of the unknown employees are often stressed and anxious, if it is possible to reduce stress and anxiety you will be a lot more successful.Changing jobs is done less frequently and therefore employee turnover is much smaller and employee loyalty is much higher. (Hofstede) Conclusion When doing business in this country foreigners have to take the cultural dimensions of Belgium into careful consideration of they want to be successful. According to The International Finance Corporation 2011 economy ran kings, Belgium is in 28th place out of 183 countries. The countries are raked on various variables, such as permits and taxes, that look at the ease of doing business in the country.Belgium’s reasonably low score indicated that it is possible to enter the market without too many difficulties. Therefore it is a country that should be given much consideration when looking at foreign markets. Before conducting business with any foreign business it is important to look at the cultural differences and how these differences impact business. In order to understand the culture and values of a society it can be usefully to look at the country’s history and past. Belgium has some similar cultural dimensions to Canada and they are used to working with foreigners and different ways of doing business.Because of this Belgium tends to be fairly open and understanding of other cultural differences. However, in order to be successful and gain the trust and acceptance of local workers a nd businesses it is vital to understand the countries cultural dimensions and how to act inside and outside the boardroom. The biggest disadvantage to working with or in Belgium is their extremely high uncertainty avoidance. The Belgium’s avoid risk and unknown situations in order to protect themselves and their country. If there is anything new or risky it has to be introduced very carefully and slowly, the Belgians would never change overnight.This does not mean however that they are narrow minded or unwilling to change. If you are well prepare, respectful and follow the rules of the country and company you can be very successful in the Belgium market. JAPAN Introduction to Japan Japan is an island surrounded by Russia, China, and Korea. Japan has a population of 127. 08 million, this is a fairly large number considering Japan is only an island, as the population gets bigger the island stays the same size, creating a deficiency of land. The capital city of Japan is Tokyo. ( â€Å"U. S.Department of State†) After the second world war ended Japan started to prosper in their business doings, in 1956 they joined the United Nations, 70 percent of Japan's workforce is in services while the remainder 30 percent are in agricultural and industry. The agricultural good that they produce include rice, vegetables, fruit, milk, meat, and fish, they also export some of these items. The official language of Japan is Japanese, while their business language is English . The Japanese have a parliamentary government and a constitutional monarch. (â€Å"U. S.Department of State†) Japan has a free market economy, it is currently the third largest in the world, its economy is highly competitive and efficient in international trade. Productivity is low in agriculture, distribution, and services. Since Japan has few natural resources trading helps them to earn foreign exchange needed to purchase raw materials for its economy. (â€Å"U. S. Department of Stateâ⠂¬ ) Individualism When doing business with Japan it is important to remember that they have very low individualism and high collectivism. Japan does not believe in individual freedom or rights, it is all about the group and what is best for the group.When doing business with Japan, you must never address a single individual as the company, you must address the entire group. When working in Japan, your work becomes your life and whenever your work needs you must put everything else on hold. Japanese emphasize teamwork and loyalty, groups/colleagues learn to trust and work together at a young age. When entering the Japan market you must first be accepted by the group, once you have the groups support you will be able to trust them to your company good and they will be willing to work long hours for you if provide them with what they need.When working for a company in Japan, the likely-hood of you being promoted is based on your seniority in the company, someone who has been there lo nger than you is more likely to get the promotion, even if you are more qualified for the job. Masculinity During the IBM study for Hofstede's five dimensions Japan ranked number one out of all the countries for the highest masculinity, not only is the country masculine but the citizens are as well. It is unacceptable for a woman to wear pants in a business setting, the men find it extremely offensive. The women must either wear skirts or dresses when in a business environment.Men are the masculine ones of the society, during business discussions when things are not going as planned it is normal for individuals to become aggressive in order to get things completed. The women are the ones to calm the men down and provide comfort for them. Women who are in more qualifying jobs are very assertive, just so that they can be seen as equal to their male co-workers. The management structure of a business is built on rules and order among individuals, there is a hierarchy of power in Japan s ociety and in business'. An employee at the bottom of the ierarchy has no right to talk to someone higher up or even suggest ideas that they feel will benefit their company. It is the employees’ job to do what is told of them and to never question their employer. In Japan, one must sacrifice everything for their work, that includes family and social life, the term â€Å"karoshi† is Japanese for dying because one is overworked. Since the population in Japan is so large, the men and women learn to become competitive and have placed a high importance on achievements, if children were to do poorly in school it would be a disgrace to their family. Power DistanceJapan's power distance is a little higher than average. When doing business with them one must watch out for a few things. When working in Japan, for a Japanese company, it is unacceptable for an employee to talk to their superior with disrespect or talk to someone higher up in the working chain about their current m anager, doing such a thing is considered disgraceful and could cause you to lose your job. In Canada it is common for an employee to comment and try to make their company better, where in Japan if an employee were to make such a comment their employment with said company would be terminated.The employees are dependent on their managers, to tell them what to do and how to do it, it is not their responsibility to think for themselves, that is the job for their superiors. Finding a job in Japan could be difficult for people who are migrating to the country and do not already have a job lined up for them. Japan has a caste system in place, once you are born into a caste it is not very likely that you will move away from it, this being said, the occupation that your father has would be the occupation that you will take over.There is a large income difference in Japan, it is easy to tell what class you belong to. Business cards are very important for the Japanese, when going on business m eetings you should always have about 100 business cards on hand for a one week business trip. Having a double sided business card is very important, make sure that one side of the card is in Japanese and the other side is in English. When giving your business card to others you must hold it in both hands, with the Japanese side facing upwards, also, make sure to bow while passing on your business card.Never forget to pick up the business card and put them in your case, if you forget one of the business cards it is like a slap in the face for the other individual. You will have to bring a small notebook to write notes in and never write on the business cards, it is another sign of disrespect. (â€Å"Venture Japan†) Uncertainty Avoidance Hofstede gave Japan a score 92/100 for uncertainty avoidance, it is Japans most prominent cultural characteristic. Citizens do not like change so they tend to stay with the same company for the rest of their lives, staying loyal to their employ er.Individuals are willing to work if they are provided with job security in return. It is important to remember that Japan does not take well to foreign companies that they do not know, coming into their country and starting a business there. You must first gain the citizens trust and acceptance if you want to do well with your business venture. With uncertainty avoidance comes anxiety. Japanese individuals put up with a lot of anxiety about their work and colleagues. â€Å"In Japan there is the outlet of getting drunk along with colleagues after working hours.During these parties, men release their pent-up aggression, even towards their superiors; but the next day business continues as usual. Such drinking bouts represent one of the major institutionalized places and times for anxiety release† (Hofstede, 118) An important thing to remember is that if you want to work in Japan it is accepted to drink in the office after working hours, during the day it is unacceptable to rel ieve your aggression towards your superiors but it is accepted during â€Å"such drinking bouts†.In Japan it is common for others to ask straight forward questions like â€Å"how much do you make? † and â€Å"how big is your house? † such questions are asked so that they are able to assess what position of the hierarchy you at. Conclusion When viewing Japan through Hofstede's dimensions, you get a better understanding of how they do business based on cultural differences. Japan has a high masculinity, and low individualism, this is beneficial for companies seeking loyalty, and who wish to get tasks done on a timely basis. There are many advantages with doing business with Japan, when you gain heir trust and confidence then they will always be loyal to you and assist with what they can. They will get work done when asked and on time, as long as they are provided with instructions they will do the work to the best of their ability. Only a few disadvantages exist w ith doing business with Japan, a reason why someone would not want to do business with them would be that they consider work to be very important, you would not be able to be sarcastic with them or even try to discuss ways to better the company if you are positioned slightly lower than them on the hierarchical business poll.In the end, if you are doing business with Japan you will always be able to count on them, making Japan an excellent country to do business with. Another factor of doing business in Japan is based on the study that The World Bank does each year that addresses the ease of doing business within a country. Japan has a score of 18/183, they have a relatively low score which indicated that doing business with them would be easy and have benefits in the long run, such as obtaining permits, business rights, starting a business, paying taxes, and dealing outside of the borders is very easy for foreign companies to do in Japan.Japan ranked second as the most technological ly powerful economy in the world, after the U. S.. Technology innovation is very important for a countries development, having a company in Japan helps that company because of all the technology advancements that they make, helping them become first in a market and having an advantage above everyone else. Conclusion to Hofstede’s Dimensions of Culture As the saying goes â€Å"our world is shrinking†. This means many different opportunities for businesses to grow and expand.It offers more opportunities to people for competition, access to new goods and services, new technology and knowledge. Everyday our world continues to gain new inventions and ideas. However, with this progress also comes a great responsibility. It is the responsibility of each individual to make sure that they have a respect and understanding for this new accessible world. Another saying is â€Å"knowledge is power†, in the world of business this is very true. In the world of globalization th is is even truer.The more knowledge you have about the customs and beliefs of a certain culture, the more successful your dealings with them will be. Geert Hofstede understood this thought and through his research we are able to gain a better understanding of many different cultures and how when we apply them to the business world we can become more successful. In this paper we reviewed three different cultures from three different areas of the world. Although, we did find many differences in the history, background and specifics of the cultures, we also found some similarities in the behaviours of the people who live in these different cultures.Through these observations we are able to understand that when doing business in Venezuela, if you want to be successful you must look and act as though you already are successful because the country has a high masculinity which means they value money, power and success. We also know that to succeed you must be ready to deal with the difficu lties and interference of the government. Venezuelans are collectivists and so they look out for one another inside their perceived groups however this also means that you must appeal to the group when marketing or dealing with them.They also have a high power distance and so they will not disagree with the boss nor will they let you know if they don’t understand. All of these differences are not necessarily bad things but they can make it more difficult to do business with this country. The important thing to remember is that if you know these things about them then you can work around these obstacles to achieve success. Japan is a very masculine country, making them more aggressive which helps to increase efficiency among employees which benefits the company that they work for.Japan also has high uncertainty avoidance, with high uncertainty avoidance employees do not take change very well, Japan has been doing business the same since World War II ended, some would see this as a bad thing but in reality it is very good, this is helpful because it provides a more secure environment and no one is afraid of what they already know. When doing business in Belgium it is important to keep in mind their high cultural dimensions and how this affects doing business.Their highest dimension is uncertainty avoidance flowed by individualism, therefore, it is important to introduce new ideas slowly and celebrate individuality. Although there are differences that must be considered if you do your research Belgium can be a warm and welcoming environment to do business in and to expand your international reach. We have presented in out paper three very different countries from different sides of the world. But which one is best to do business with? Venezuela, although it is the cheapest market to enter, has a very high rating on the WBI and is extremely difficult to enter and presents many obstacles.Also, as we have discussed earlier in this paper Hofstede’s dime nsions of culture outline the differences and difficulties that one would encounter when dealing with the work force in Venezuela. Japan, although the highest ranking on the WBI, has a very different culture and very different language when comparing it to Canada and therefore would present many different challenges also outlined in the paper according to Hofstede’s dimensions. Belgium is therefore our best choice when considering internationalising into a broader market.Its ranking is close to Japan, well above Venezuela however, it is also a lot similar in culture, demographics and attitudes to Canada. One of Belgium’s official languages is French, which is also a benefit to Canadian business people. However, Belgium would be definitely a smaller market expansion according to population size. References About Belgium. â€Å"Eupedia's Belgium Guide. Eupedia, 2010. Web. 21 Oct 2011. ;lt;http://www. eupedia. com/belgium/trivia. shtml;gt;. â€Å"Ease of Doing Business in Venezeula, RB. † Doing Business: Measuring Business Regulations. The World Bank, 2011. 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